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The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...
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The Matter of Time.

Arto Annila1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Time

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • The photon, the quantum of light, was conceptualized as a fundamental element.
  • A flux of photons embodies a flow of time, with time comprising discrete periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between photon flux, energy flow, and the nature of time.
  • To investigate the predictability of future events within thermodynamic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of photon behavior and energy transfer.
  • Examination of flow equations and their inherent insolubility due to feedback loops.
  • Application of thermodynamic principles to understand system dynamics.

Main Results:

Keywords:
causalityforcefree energynatural selectionnon-determinismnon-equilibrium thermodynamicsperiodphotonquantumthe arrow of time

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  • Photon flux dictates the flow of time, with quanta seeking optimal paths to minimize energy differences.
  • The inseparability of causes and consequences in dynamic systems renders the future unpredictable.
  • System evolution is bounded by free energy, leading to stationary states.

Conclusions:

  • In stationary states, time ceases to move forward, instead circulating as quanta orbit indefinitely.
  • The concept of time is intrinsically linked to energy transfer and thermodynamic processes.
  • Understanding these principles offers insights into the fundamental nature of time and causality.