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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

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Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction.

Piotr Bargiel1, Małgorzata Szczuko2, Laura Stachowska2

  • 1Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome influences thyroid health, impacting thyroid hormone metabolism and autoimmune thyroid diseases. This review explores the gut-thyroid axis, microbial metabolites, and treatment interactions.

Keywords:
dysbiosismicrobiomemicrobiome metabolitesthyroid dysfunctionthyroxine

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases are prevalent, affecting global health.
  • Intestinal microbiota composition differs between thyroid disease patients and healthy individuals.
  • The gut-thyroid axis links gut dysbiosis and thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review associations between the microbiome, its metabolites, and thyroid dysfunction.
  • To elucidate the microbiome's role in thyroid hormone metabolism and autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • To explore the impact of microbial metabolites and gut microbiota interactions with thyroid treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of studies on gut microbiota composition in thyroid disease.
  • Examination of research on microbial metabolites and thyroid function.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiome significantly impacts thyroid hormone metabolism.
  • Intestinal dysbiosis is associated with various thyroid dysfunctions, including autoimmune conditions.
  • Microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids influence thyroid gland function.

Conclusions:

  • The gut-thyroid axis is a critical factor in thyroid health and disease.
  • Understanding microbiome-thyroid interactions can inform novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into microbial metabolites and gut microbiota modulation is warranted for thyroid disease management.