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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Transverse Sectioning of Mature Rice Oryza sativa L. Kernels for Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Using Pipette Tips as Immobilization Support
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Transverse Sectioning of Mature Rice Oryza sativa L. Kernels for Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Using Pipette Tips as Immobilization Support

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Starch Formates: Synthesis and Modification.

Sascha Blohm1, Thomas Heinze1, Haisong Qi2

  • 1Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Starch can be converted into soluble and hydrolysis-resistant starch formates using N-formyl imidazole. Further modification with fatty acids creates thermoplastic starch esters with tunable melting points.

Keywords:
esterificationmixed starch esterstarchstarch formatethermoplastic

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Starch, a biodegradable polymer, faces limitations in solubility and processability.
  • Developing novel starch derivatives is crucial for expanding its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient method for starch formate synthesis.
  • To investigate the properties of starch formates and their derivatives.
  • To explore the creation of thermoplastic starch materials.

Main Methods:

  • Homogeneous conversion of starch to starch formates using N-formyl imidazole, prepared from 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole and formic acid in DMSO.
  • Characterization of starch formates for solubility and hydrolysis resistance.
  • Esterification of starch formates with lauroyl chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide to produce mixed starch laurate formates.
  • Analysis of the thermal properties (melting temperature) of the mixed esters.

Main Results:

  • Starch can be efficiently converted to starch formates under homogeneous conditions.
  • Starch formates exhibit solubility in polar aprotic solvents and resistance to hydrolysis.
  • Mixed starch laurate formates were successfully synthesized, yielding thermoplastic materials.
  • The melting temperatures of the mixed esters are primarily determined by the degree of laurate substitution.

Conclusions:

  • N-formyl imidazole is an effective reagent for starch formate synthesis.
  • Starch formates offer improved solubility and stability compared to native starch.
  • Modification of starch formates with fatty acids provides a route to tunable thermoplastic starch materials.