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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

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Microstructure Evaluation and Impurities in La Containing Silicon Oxynitrides.

Abbas Saeed Hakeem1, Sharafat Ali2, Thomas Höche3,4

  • 1Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen & Energy Storage (IRC-HES) Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Nitrogen-rich La-Si-O-N glasses contain impurities like elemental silicon and metal silicides, causing opacity. These defects hinder commercialization, stemming from high-temperature reactions during glass synthesis.

Keywords:
characterisationdefectselectron microscopynitrogen enrichoxynitride glasstransparency

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Glass Science
  • Ceramics

Background:

  • Oxynitride glasses remain largely uncommercialized due to inherent impurities.
  • Nitrogen-rich lanthanum silicon oxynitride (La-Si-O-N) glasses present unique microstructural challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the microstructure and intrinsic defects in nitrogen-rich La-Si-O-N glasses.
  • Identify the sources of opacity and impurities in these advanced glass materials.

Main Methods:

  • Glass synthesis via high-temperature heating (1650-1800 °C) of La metal, Si3N4, and SiO2 in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • Microstructural and impurity analysis using optical microscopy, SEM, AFM, and TEM-EELS.
  • Quantification of silicide particle content and characterization of elemental silicon formation.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized La-Si-O-N glasses contained <2 vol.% spherical metal silicide particles (<1 µm).
  • Opacity is attributed to elemental silicon from Si3N4/SiO2 decomposition above ~1600 °C and La-metal silicide intermetallics.
  • No clear correlation found between silicide formation and glass composition or preparation temperature.

Conclusions:

  • High-temperature reactions during synthesis lead to critical impurities (elemental Si, silicides) in La-Si-O-N glasses.
  • These microstructural defects, particularly elemental silicon and silicides, are the primary cause of glass opacity.
  • Addressing these impurity-related defects is crucial for the potential commercialization of oxynitride glasses.