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Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
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Adaptor Molecules Epitranscriptome Reprograms Bacterial Pathogenicity.

Adamantia Kouvela1, Apostolos Zaravinos2,3, Vassiliki Stamatopoulou1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 27, 2021
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Bacterial tRNA modifications are crucial for growth, pathogenicity, and virulence. Understanding these modifications offers new therapeutic targets for fighting bacterial infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are extensively modified post-transcriptionally, influencing bacterial adaptability, growth, and pathogenicity.
  • These tRNA modifications are vital for bacterial cell wall formation, transcription/translation fidelity, and virulence factor expression.
  • Conserved tRNA nucleoside modifications ensure molecular stability and function, but environmental stress can disrupt pathogen homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of tRNA epitranscriptome shaping in bacterial infectivity.
  • To highlight tRNA modifications critical for opportunistic pathogens within the human microbiome.
  • To identify potential molecular targets for novel anti-bacterial therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on tRNA modifications and bacterial infectivity.
  • Focus on high-throughput methodologies for identifying and functionally investigating tRNA modifications.
  • Analysis of modifications adjacent to the anticodon stem-loop.

Main Results:

  • tRNA modifications significantly regulate bacterial growth and pathogenicity.
  • Specific modifications are linked to bacterial cell wall integrity and virulence.
  • Alterations in tRNA modifications under stress impact pathogen homeostasis and infectivity.
  • Advances in high-throughput methods enable detailed investigation of tRNA modifications.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA epitranscriptome modifications are key regulators of bacterial infectivity.
  • Targeting specific tRNA modifications presents promising therapeutic avenues against bacterial infections.
  • Understanding tRNA modifications in opportunistic pathogens is crucial for human health.