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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

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Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Generating Self-Assembling Human Heart Organoids Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Generating Self-Assembling Human Heart Organoids Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Multicellular Human Cardiac Organoids Transcriptomically Model Distinct Tissue-Level Features of Adult Myocardium.

Charles M Kerr1, Dylan Richards2, Donald R Menick3,4

  • 1Molecular Cell Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human cardiac organoids (hCOs) show transcriptomic similarity to human myocardium, offering improved physiological functions over 2D and 3D models. Future models should incorporate diverse cell types, including immune cells, for better replication.

Keywords:
3D cultureRNA-sequencingcardiac microtissueengineered heart tissuehiPSC-CMshuman cardiac organoidshuman myocardiumtranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are vital for disease modeling and drug screening.
  • Human cardiac organoids (hCOs) represent a novel platform for modeling human myocardium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a transcriptomic analysis of various in vitro hiPSC-CM platforms.
  • To compare these models against human myocardium samples.
  • To identify strengths and limitations of current in vitro cardiac models.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic analysis of 2D hiPSC-CMs, 3D hiPSC-CMs, and hCOs.
  • Comparison of in vitro models with human myocardium samples.
  • Assessment of cellular functions and gene expression related to tissue formation.

Main Results:

  • 3D in vitro environments (3D hiPSC-CMs and hCOs) promote genes associated with tissue formation.
  • hCOs exhibit more diverse physiological functions than hiPSC-CM-only models.
  • Incorporating additional cardiac cell types into hCOs enhances transcriptomic similarity to adult myocardium.

Conclusions:

  • 3D hCOs demonstrate significant transcriptomic similarity to human myocardium.
  • Limitations include the absence of mature cardiomyocytes and immune cells.
  • Future engineered 3D cardiac models should diversify cell populations, particularly including immune cells.