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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
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Cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

Reinhard Dummer1,2, Maarten H Vermeer3, Julia J Scarisbrick4

  • 1Dermatology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. reinhard.dummer@usz.ch.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are diverse skin cancers with unknown causes. Current treatments vary, and research is vital for better therapies and patient quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of skin-presenting lymphomas.
  • CTCL subtypes exhibit diverse clinical, histological, and molecular features, with variable disease courses.
  • The exact pathogenetic mechanisms and initiating factors of CTCL remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of CTCL, including diagnosis, treatment, and future research directions.
  • To highlight the complexity of CTCL pathophysiology and the need for interdisciplinary approaches.
  • To underscore the challenges in treating CTCL and the impact on patient quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Clinicopathological correlation is essential for diagnosis, requiring an interdisciplinary team.
  • Treatment decisions are based on short-term and long-term patient goals.
  • Therapeutic options include skin-directed therapies, systemic treatments, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Main Results:

  • CTCL diagnosis relies on integrated clinicopathological assessment.
  • Treatment strategies encompass topical therapies, systemic agents, and potentially curative stem cell transplantation.
  • Novel therapies are under investigation, offering hope for improved outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • CTCL management requires a multidisciplinary approach and tailored treatment strategies.
  • Significant unmet needs exist in understanding CTCL pathogenesis and improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research is crucial for developing more effective therapies and enhancing the quality of life for CTCL patients.