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    This study introduces a hybrid Euler-Lagrange solver for animating multi-scale granular materials and their phase transitions. The unified framework enables realistic transformations between granular solids, dust clouds, and viscous liquids in computer graphics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Graphics
    • Computational Physics
    • Material Science

    Background:

    • Modeling multi-scale granular materials and their phase transitions presents significant challenges due to the wide range of particle sizes and varying material properties.
    • Existing methods struggle to faithfully represent phenomena like mudslides and powder transformations, limiting fidelity in computer graphics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a unified framework for high-fidelity animation of multi-scale granular materials and their phase transitions in computer graphics.
    • To effectively model the complex interactions and transformations between granular solids, dust clouds, and viscous liquids.

    Main Methods:

    • A hybrid Euler-Lagrange solver is proposed, coupling the affine particle-in-cell (APIC) solver with a density field for unified material representation.
    • Introduced a moisture property for granular particles to control transitions to viscous liquid states.
    • Implemented a surface-tracking procedure to simulate viscous liquid phases and their behaviors.

    Main Results:

    • The unified framework successfully simulates transformations between granular particles, dust clouds, and viscous liquids.
    • Demonstrated the ability to model transitions from dust to powder and particle-to-liquid states based on velocity and moisture.
    • Validated the framework's capability through various experimental scene designs showcasing mixed multi-scale material transformations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed hybrid solver and unified framework significantly enhance the modeling flexibility and animation potential for particle-grid hybrid materials.
    • Enables more realistic and complex simulations of natural phenomena involving granular materials in computer graphics.