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Navigating optimal treaty-shopping routes using a multiplex network model.

Sung Jae Park1,2, Kyu-Min Lee3, Jae-Suk Yang1

  • 1Graduate School of Future Strategy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

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Multinational enterprises exploit international tax treaties for tax reduction. This study introduces network analysis to detect tax-minimizing routes and analyze treaty abuse, offering a framework to observe these effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Network Science
  • International Relations

Background:

  • The international tax treaty system is complex, enabling multinational enterprises (MNEs) to engage in treaty abuse.
  • This abuse leads to substantial tax revenue losses for nations, with limited systematic regulation.
  • Detecting optimal tax avoidance routes is crucial for understanding and mitigating these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the international tax treaty network for foreign investment channels using real-world data.
  • To introduce novel network analysis measures, including tax-routing centrality, for analyzing tax avoidance strategies.
  • To provide a unified framework for analyzing the international tax treaty system and MNE tax avoidance behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Network analysis of the international tax treaty system.
  • Utilizing real-world data on foreign investment channels.
  • Introducing and applying measures of tax-routing centrality and other network centralities within a multiplex network framework.

Main Results:

  • Identification of various tax-minimizing routes and their associated rates.
  • Discovery of novel tax-avoidance paths not apparent in single network layers.
  • Identification of strongly connected components within the multiplex tax treaty system, highlighting minimal tax shopping routes involving over 80 countries.

Conclusions:

  • Network analysis provides a powerful framework for understanding the complexity of international tax treaties.
  • The multiplex network approach reveals hidden tax-minimizing strategies employed by MNEs.
  • This research offers insights into treaty abuse and a method for observing its effects on global tax revenues.