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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

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Defining Combat-Relevant Endpoints for Early Trauma Resuscitation Research in a Resource-Constrained Civilian

Nee-Kofi Mould-Millman1, Lina Mata1, Steven G Schauer2

  • 1University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.

Medical Journal (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.)
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Expert consensus was reached on key variables for a new study on early trauma resuscitation. This research will improve understanding of how timely interventions impact survival and outcomes in critically injured patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma Resuscitation Research
  • Epidemiology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Current trauma resuscitation studies often use long-term outcomes (e.g., 28-day mortality) that may not reflect early intervention effectiveness.
  • There is a need for standardized endpoints to accurately assess the impact of resuscitation timing in critically injured patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To obtain expert consensus on definitions and endpoints for a Department of Defense-funded epidemiologic study.
  • To assess combat-relevant mortality and morbidity related to the timeliness of resuscitation in civilian trauma.
  • To establish a framework for future trauma resuscitation research.

Main Methods:

  • An online modified Delphi process was used with an international panel of civilian and military trauma experts.
  • Iterative rounds of review, evidence appraisal, and voting were conducted to achieve consensus.
  • Consensus was pre-defined as ≥80% agreement among panelists.

Main Results:

  • Expert consensus was achieved on eight key items for the epidemiologic study.
  • Recommended endpoints include 7-day mortality, early and late multi-organ failure (SOFA scores), and early/late traumatic brain injury mortality.
  • Optimal methods include hybrid injury severity scoring, standardized comorbidity capture, standardized phases of care, and a novel trauma death categorization system.

Conclusions:

  • A modified Delphi process successfully established expert-ratified definitions and endpoints for trauma resuscitation research.
  • The findings provide crucial variables for a combat-relevant epidemiologic study on early resuscitation outcomes.
  • These standardized outputs can benefit broader trauma resuscitation research initiatives.