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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Adrenal myelolipomas.

Jan Calissendorff¹, Carl Christofer Juhlin², Anders Sundin³

¹Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology

|August 27, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Adrenal myelolipomas are benign tumors containing fat and myeloid cells, often found incidentally. This review covers their causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Adrenal myelolipomas are benign, lipomatous tumors with myeloid elements.
They represent 3.3-6.5% of adrenal masses, frequently presenting as incidentalomas.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of adrenal myelolipomas.

Main Methods:

Literature review of adrenal myelolipomas.
Analysis of imaging features, clinical presentation, and management strategies.

Main Results:

Adrenal myelolipomas are typically unilateral, found in midlife, and characterized by macroscopic fat on imaging.
Large tumors can cause mass effect or hemorrhage; hormone excess may occur with coexisting adrenal conditions.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients have increased risk of large, bilateral adrenal myelolipomas.

Conclusions:

Adrenal myelolipomas are generally benign but require understanding for proper diagnosis and management.
Clinical presentation varies, with imaging being key for diagnosis.
Management depends on size, symptoms, and associated conditions.