Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

13.2K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
13.2K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

8.9K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
8.9K
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

4.1K
Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
4.1K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.9K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
3.9K
Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.3K
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Selection of Mutations in HIV-1 Nucleocapsid and Integrase in Individuals Living with HIV Experiencing Virologic Failure After Initiating or Switching to Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Macrophage-specific targeting of histone demethylases with small-molecule inhibitors suppresses inflammatory response in vivo.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Distinct metabolomic and lipidomic profiles across donation after circulatory death recovery strategies reveal a common signature associated with primary graft dysfunction.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation·2026
Same author

Sequential- <i>vs</i> . density gradient- centrifugation for the isolation of mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Adropin protects against cardiac remodeling and metabolic dysfunction in a male mouse HFpEF model.

Clinical science (London, England : 1979)·2026
Same author

Burden of heterozygote carriers for autosomal recessive conditions in the Middle East: A study of 14,392 genomes.

HGG advances·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

MitoCeption: Transferring Isolated Human MSC Mitochondria to Glioblastoma Stem Cells
11:13

MitoCeption: Transferring Isolated Human MSC Mitochondria to Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Published on: February 22, 2017

13.2K

Microvesicles transfer mitochondria and increase mitochondrial function in brain endothelial cells.

Anisha D'Souza1, Amelia Burch2, Kandarp M Dave1

  • 1Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human brain endothelial cell-derived microvesicles transfer mitochondria to boost recipient cell energy and survival, particularly under ischemic conditions. This novel mitochondrial transfer mechanism enhances endothelial cell function during simulated cerebral ischemia.

Keywords:
BBB protectionExosomesExtracellular vesiclesIschemic strokeMicrovesiclesMitochondrial functionMitochondrial transfer

More Related Videos

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells
06:15

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

Published on: November 19, 2016

9.4K
Author Spotlight: Bidirectional Mitochondrial Transfer between MSCs and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells &#8212; Pathways and In Vivo Challenges
06:50

Author Spotlight: Bidirectional Mitochondrial Transfer between MSCs and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells — Pathways and In Vivo Challenges

Published on: October 4, 2024

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 22, 2025

MitoCeption: Transferring Isolated Human MSC Mitochondria to Glioblastoma Stem Cells
11:13

MitoCeption: Transferring Isolated Human MSC Mitochondria to Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Published on: February 22, 2017

13.2K
Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells
06:15

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

Published on: November 19, 2016

9.4K
Author Spotlight: Bidirectional Mitochondrial Transfer between MSCs and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells &#8212; Pathways and In Vivo Challenges
06:50

Author Spotlight: Bidirectional Mitochondrial Transfer between MSCs and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells — Pathways and In Vivo Challenges

Published on: October 4, 2024

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to cerebral ischemia pathogenesis.
  • Brain endothelial cells (BECs) form the blood-brain barrier and are crucial for brain health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of microvesicles derived from human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) in mitochondrial transfer.
  • To determine the functional consequences of this mitochondrial transfer on recipient cells, especially under ischemic conditions.
  • To compare the efficacy of BEC-derived EVs with macrophage-derived EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of microvesicles from hCMEC/D3 cell line.
  • Mitochondrial transfer assays in cultured BECs and in acute brain slices from mice.
  • Assessment of ATP levels and mitochondrial function in recipient cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD).
  • Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of EVs.
  • Comparative analysis with macrophage-derived EVs.

Main Results:

  • hCMEC/D3-derived microvesicles successfully transferred polarized mitochondria to recipient BECs and neurons.
  • Mitochondrial transfer significantly increased ATP levels (100-200 fold) in BECs under OGD.
  • Microvesicle transfer, but not exosome transfer, enhanced mitochondrial function in hypoxic endothelial cells.
  • BEC-derived EVs showed greater selectivity for mitochondrial transfer and improved endothelial cell survival under ischemia compared to macrophage-derived EVs.
  • EV analysis revealed a strong association with glycolysis-related pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Microvesicles from brain endothelial cells are potent mediators of mitochondrial transfer, enhancing recipient cell bioenergetics and survival.
  • This mechanism offers a novel therapeutic potential for conditions involving cerebral ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • BEC-derived EVs possess unique properties for promoting endothelial cell resilience against ischemic injury.