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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

2.4K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
6.2K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

2.9K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
2.9K
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.4K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere
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High-Precision Temperature Inversion Algorithm for Correlative Microwave Radiometer.

Jie Liu1, Kai Zhang1, Jingyan Ma1

  • 1Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel broadband correlative microwave radiometer for high-precision non-contact temperature measurement. An innovative algorithm significantly reduces phase error, enabling more accurate temperature inversion.

Keywords:
PSO-LM-BP inversion algorithmcorrection algorithmcorrelative radiometerintegral calibration

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Measurement Science

Background:

  • Non-contact temperature measurement requires high precision.
  • Correlative microwave radiometers offer sensitivity but face challenges with phase error impacting accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-precision non-contact temperature measurement system.
  • To improve the accuracy of correlative microwave radiometers through innovative algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a broadband correlative microwave radiometer hardware structure.
  • Developed an error correction algorithm to reduce phase error.
  • Utilized integral calibration with a known radiation source.
  • Employed a neural network incorporating temperature characteristics and object brightness temperature for inversion.
  • Proposed a high-precision Particle Swarm Optimization-Levenberg-Marquardt-Back Propagation (PSO-LM-BP) temperature inversion algorithm.

Main Results:

  • Reduced phase error from 69.08° to 4.02°.
  • Achieved a mean square error of 0.629 °C with a standard Back Propagation (BP) neural network.
  • The PSO-LM-BP algorithm yielded a mean square error of 0.002 °C and a maximum error of 0.209 °C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed correlative microwave radiometer and PSO-LM-BP algorithm significantly enhance non-contact temperature measurement precision.
  • The innovative error correction and neural network-based inversion methods overcome limitations of traditional approaches.