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Related Concept Videos

Properties of DTFT I01:24

Properties of DTFT I

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In signal processing, Discrete-Time Fourier Transforms (DTFTs) play a critical role in analyzing discrete-time signals in the frequency domain. Various properties of the DTFTs such as linearity, time-shifting, frequency-shifting, time reversal, conjugation, and time scaling help understand and manipulate these signals for different applications.
The linearity property of DTFTs is fundamental. If two discrete-time signals are multiplied by constants a and b respectively, and then combined to...
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Properties of DTFT II01:24

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In the study of discrete-time signal processing, understanding the properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is crucial for analyzing and manipulating signals in the frequency domain. Several properties, including frequency differentiation, convolution, accumulation, and Parseval's relation, offer powerful tools for signal analysis.
The frequency differentiation property is illustrated by considering a DTFT pair and differentiating both sides with respect to ω.
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
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The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse....
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Convolution Properties II01:17

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The important convolution properties include width, area, differentiation, and integration properties.
The width property indicates that if the durations of input signals are T1 and T2, then the width of the output response equals the sum of both durations, irrespective of the shapes of the two functions. For instance, convolving two rectangular pulses with durations of 2 seconds and 1 second results in a function with a width of 3 seconds.
The area property asserts that the area under the...
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Encryption Based Image Watermarking Algorithm in 2DWT-DCT Domains.

Nayeem Hasan1,2, Md Saiful Islam3, Wenyu Chen1

  • 1School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a robust image watermarking method using discrete wavelet and cosine transforms. The novel approach ensures high imperceptibility and excellent bit restoration, outperforming existing techniques against various image attacks.

Keywords:
blind image watermarkingdifferential encryptiondigital information securitydiscrete cosine transformdiscrete wavelet transform

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Image Processing
  • Cryptography
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Digital watermarking is crucial for copyright protection and data integrity.
  • Existing methods often face trade-offs between watermark imperceptibility and robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an encryption-based image watermarking scheme with auto-extraction capabilities.
  • To enhance robustness against diverse image processing attacks while maintaining high imperceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized second-level discrete wavelet transform (2DWT) for optimal decomposition levels.
  • Applied discrete cosine transform (DCT) with zig-zag operation to image coefficients.
  • Employed a shared random bit sequence as watermark and seed for embedding.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 100% bit correction ratio, indicating perfect bit restoration.
  • Demonstrated high imperceptibility with Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) ≥ 40 dB.
  • Showcased high robustness against JPEG compression, filtering, noise, cropping, and more.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 2DWT-DCT watermarking scheme offers superior robustness and imperceptibility.
  • It significantly outperforms existing methods in protecting digital images against various attacks.