Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Transcriptional transactivation turns human iPSC-derived macrophages into an adenovirus-producing cell state.

Journal of virology·2026

Same author

Clicking viruses-with chemistry toward mechanisms in infection.

Journal of virology·2025

Same author

Activated blood-derived human primary T cells support replication of HAdV C5 and virus transmission to polarized human primary epithelial cells.

Journal of virology·2025

Same author

FGF receptor kinase inhibitors exhibit broad antiviral activity by targeting Src family kinases.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS·2024

Same author

Selective autophagy impedes KSHV entry after recruiting the membrane damage sensor galectin-8 to virus-containing endosomes.

Cell reports·2024

Same author

Metagenomic study of lake microbial mats reveals protease-inhibiting antiviral peptides from a core microbiome member.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Published on: May 26, 2013

Virus Infection Variability by Single-Cell Profiling.

Maarit Suomalainen¹, Urs F Greber¹

¹Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

|August 28, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cell-to-cell variability in viral infections is now understood using advanced single-cell technologies. These methods reveal diverse infection dynamics and host responses, improving our understanding of disease development.

Keywords:

RNAseq assembly cell state cell-to-cell variability click chemistry egress non-genetic variability persistence and lysis replication single transcript fluorescence in situ hybridization single-cell infection transcription virus entry virus imaging

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: January 12, 2024

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Published on: May 26, 2013

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: January 12, 2024

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Genomics

Background:

Cell-to-cell variability in infection impacts disease onset and progression.
Mechanisms underlying this variability have been historically challenging to study.
Recent technological advancements enable detailed investigation at the single-cell level.

Purpose of the Study:

To review how single-cell technologies dissect viral infection variability.
To highlight the application of these methods across various viral infections.
To introduce the concept of "cell state" in infection variability.

Main Methods:

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq)
Single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (scRNA-FISH)
Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry) with viral genomes
High-throughput single-cell measurements of chromatin accessibility and mRNA

Main Results:

Variable onsets of adenoviral gene expression were revealed using scRNA-FISH and click chemistry.
Lytic and nonlytic adenovirus transmissions were identified through live-cell plaque assays.
Transcriptional variability was uncovered in infections by coxsackie, influenza, dengue, zika, and herpes simplex viruses.
Host interferon response was shown to modulate influenza and sendai virus infections.

Conclusions:

Single-cell technologies provide unprecedented resolution into viral infection dynamics.
Understanding "cell state" is crucial for dissecting infection variability.
Future high-throughput single-cell analyses will further elucidate viral pathogenesis and host responses.