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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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Effective sample preparation is crucial for accurate and reliable laboratory analysis. During this process, two significant sources of error can arise: concentration bias from improper sample splitting and contamination caused by methods used to reduce particle size, such as grinding or homogenization. Identifying and minimizing these potential errors is crucial to ensuring the validity of the analysis.
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Erratum for Ara et al., "Mechanism of Enhanced HIV Restriction by Virion Coencapsidated Cytidine Deaminases APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G".

Journal of virology·2025
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Variability in HIV-1 transmitted/founder virus susceptibility to combined APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G host restriction.

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Protein interaction map of APOBEC3 enzyme family reveals deamination-independent role in cellular function.

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Stability of APOBEC3F in the Presence of the APOBEC3 Antagonist HIV-1 Vif Increases at the Expense of Co-Expressed APOBEC3H Haplotype I.

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The Cytidine Deaminase APOBEC3G Contributes to Cancer Mutagenesis and Clonal Evolution in Bladder Cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Special Issue "APOBECs and Virus Restriction".

Linda Chelico1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SA S7H 0E5, Canada.

Viruses
|August 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) family has 11 human members. These enzymes play crucial roles in both metabolism and immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) family comprises 11 distinct enzymes in humans.
  • APOBEC enzymes are implicated in a wide range of biological processes, including nucleic acid metabolism and immune responses.

Discussion:

  • The diverse functions of APOBEC enzymes highlight their significance in maintaining cellular homeostasis and defending against pathogens.
  • Dysregulation of APOBEC activity is associated with various diseases, underscoring their importance in human health.

Key Insights:

  • APOBEC enzymes exhibit multifaceted roles extending beyond their canonical functions.
  • Understanding the specific contributions of each APOBEC member is critical for deciphering their collective impact on health and disease.

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Outlook:

  • Further research into APOBEC enzyme mechanisms will illuminate novel therapeutic targets.
  • Investigating the interplay between APOBEC enzymes and disease pathways offers potential for innovative treatment strategies.