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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
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Cyclin G2 reverses immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and potentiates PD-1 blockade in glioma

Sen Li1, Chenyang Zhao1, Jinlan Gao1

  • 1The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR
|August 28, 2021
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Cyclin G2 acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. It also enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves responses to PD-1 blockade immunotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Aberrant cyclin G2 expression is implicated in glioma development.
  • The role of cyclin G2 in the glioma tumor immune microenvironment is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of cyclin G2 in regulating the glioma tumor immune microenvironment.
  • To investigate the biological functions of cyclin G2 in glioma progression and immunomodulation.

Main Methods:

  • Co-immunoprecipitation, in situ proximity ligation assay, and kinase assays were used to study cyclin G2's regulation of LDHA phosphorylation.
  • In vitro and in vivo experiments assessed cyclin G2's effects on glioma cell behavior and immune responses.
  • Immunohistochemistry was employed to examine cyclin G2 and Foxp3 expression in glioma specimens.

Main Results:

  • Cyclin G2 inhibits LDHA Y10 phosphorylation by impeding the LDHA-FGFR1 interaction.
  • Cyclin G2 suppresses glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis while promoting apoptosis.
  • Cyclin G2 reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by reducing lactate production and enhances PD-1 blockade efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclin G2 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma.
  • Cyclin G2 enhances glioma patient responses to immunotherapy, suggesting its potential as a predictive biomarker.
Keywords:
Cyclin G2GliomaImmunosuppressive microenvironmentLDHAPD-1

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