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Dietary Intakes of Children Enrolled in US Early Child-Care Programs During Child-Care and Non-Child-Care Days
Meaghan E Glenn1, Kelly Patlan1, Patricia Connor2
1Abt Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Insights
Children
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Public Health
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Early-childhood-care (ECE) programs significantly impact preschool-aged children's dietary habits.
- Assessing child diet quality within ECE settings is crucial for public health initiatives.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the usual food group intake of preschool children in ECE programs compared to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations.
- To compare children's dietary intake on child-care days versus non-child-care days.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional study involving meal observations and parent-reported food diaries.
- Utilized a nationally representative sample of 1,468 children aged 3-5 years in Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs.
- Employed the National Cancer Institute method for estimating usual intakes and meeting DGA recommendations.
Main Results:
- Children consumed significantly less energy on child-care days (1,524 kcal) compared to non-child-care days (1,702 kcal).
- Meeting DGA recommendations varied by food group: fruits (51.4%), grains (50.1%), dairy (42.5%), vegetables (6.5%), whole grains (4.6%), and protein foods (0.1%).
- Intakes on child-care days were more aligned with DGA compared to non-child-care days, despite opportunities for improved nutrient density.
Conclusions:
- Child-care days show dietary intakes more closely aligned with Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) than non-child-care days.
- While nutrient density can be improved both in and out of ECE settings, these programs play a positive role in children's nutrition.
Background:
Early-child-care (ECE) programs may substantially influence child diet quality.
Objective:
The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings describes the usual food group intake of preschool-aged children attending ECE programs relative to Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations, comparing intakes during child-care and non-child-care days.
Design:
Meal observations and parent-completed food diaries in a cross-sectional nationally representative multistage cluster sample of Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs.
Participants/Setting:
One thousand four hundred sixty-eight children aged 3 to 5 years attending 217 Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating ECE programs (eg, child-care centers and Head Start) during 2017.
Main Outcome Measures:
Daily energy intake, daily US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern Food Group intakes, and percentage of daily intakes meeting 2015-2020 DGA Food Pattern recommendations.
Statistical Analyses Performed:
Regression-adjusted usual intakes and percentage of children meeting recommendations were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Single-day mean intakes were used to test for statistical differences between child-care and non-child-care days.
Results:
Mean usual energy intake was 1,524 ± 19.3 kcal during child-care days and exceeded the recommended range at 1,702 ± 30.2 kcal during non-child-care days; single-day means indicated significantly lower energy intake on child-care days (P < 0.001). The percent of children meeting DGA recommendations on a child-care day varied by DGA food group: fruits (51.4%), grains (50.1%), dairy (42.5%), vegetables (6.5%), whole grains (4.6%), and protein foods (0.1%). Recommended limits on calories from added sugar and solid fats were met by 28.2% and 14.6% of children, respectively. Compared with mean food group intakes during a single child-care day, non-child-care day intakes were similar for fruits and vegetables, lower for dairy and whole grains, and higher for total grains, protein foods, and calories from added sugars and solid fats.
Conclusions:
Although there is room to increase nutrient density inside and outside of child care, intakes on child-care days more closely align to DGAs.
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