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Updated: Oct 22, 2025
A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
Published on: September 21, 2017
Measurement of brain simulant strains in head surrogate under impact loading
A Singh1, S G Ganpule2, M K Khan3
1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
Abstract:
Impact-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of disability and mortality. Knowledge of brain strains during impact (accelerative) loading is critical for the overall management of TBI, including the development of injury thresholds, personal protective equipment, and validation of computational models. Despite these needs, the current understanding of brain strains in humans or humanlike surrogates is limited, especially for injury causing loading magnitudes. Toward this end, we measured full-field, in-plane (2D) strains in a brain simulant using the hemispherical head surrogate. The hemispherical head was mounted on the Hybrid-III neck and subjected to impact loading using a linear impactor system. The resulting head kinematics was measured using a triaxial accelerometer and angular rate sensors. Dynamic, 2D strains in a brain simulant were obtained using high-speed imaging and digital image correlation. Concurrent finite element (FE) simulations of the experiment were also performed to gain additional insights. The role of stiff membranes of the head was also studied using experiments. Our results suggest that rotational modes dominate the response of the brain simulant. The wave propagation in the brain simulant as a result of impact has a timescale of ~100 ms. We obtain peak strains of ~20%, ~40%, ~60% for peak rotational accelerations of ~838, ~5170, ~11,860 rad/s2, respectively. Further, peak strains in cortical regions are higher than subcortical regions by up to ~70%. The agreement between the experiments and FE simulations is reasonable in terms of spatiotemporal evolution of strain pattern and peak strain magnitudes. Experiments with the addition of falx and tentorium indicate significant strain concentration (up to 115%) in the brain simulant near the interface of falx or tentorium and brain simulant. Overall, this work provides important insights into the biomechanics of strain in the brain simulant during impact loading.
