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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary Calcium Scanning and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Among Firefighters.

M Dominique Ashen1, Kathryn A Carson2, Elizabeth V Ratchford3

  • 1The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

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Coronary artery calcium screening identified nearly 40% of firefighters aged 40+ had coronary artery calcium, indicating increased cardiovascular disease risk. Early prevention programs are crucial for this high-risk group.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Occupational Health
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Sudden cardiac death is a primary cause of mortality among firefighters.
  • Identifying at-risk individuals is critical for preventive interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the utility of coronary artery calcium (CAC) screening in identifying firefighters at risk for cardiovascular disease.
  • To evaluate traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their association with CAC scores in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 487 asymptomatic firefighters aged 40 years and older underwent cardiovascular risk assessment, including CAC scans.
  • Data collected included blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI, fasting glucose, and medication history.
  • A subset underwent detailed evaluation including family history, metabolic syndrome, diet, exercise, smoking, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score.

Main Results:

  • 191 (39%) firefighters had a CAC score >0, with 91% exceeding age- and sex-adjusted norms.
  • Older age, male sex, hypertension, higher BMI, and elevated fasting glucose were associated with increased CAC.
  • A significant proportion of firefighters with CAC were not on lipid-lowering medication or had suboptimal LDL cholesterol control.

Conclusions:

  • CAC screening effectively identifies firefighters with subclinical atherosclerosis, many of whom may be missed by traditional risk scores.
  • Implementing comprehensive cardiovascular disease prevention programs early in a firefighter's career can mitigate risk and reduce mortality.