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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Steroids and Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.

Fan Yuan1, Tianhao Huang1, Yongxiang Wei1,2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|August 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct steroid administration into the olfactory cleft and olfactory training (OT) improve postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD). Long-term OT and combining steroids with OT show the greatest benefits for PVOD patients.

Keywords:
olfactory dysfunctionolfactory trainingpostviral olfactory dysfunctionsteroidsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) presents a significant clinical challenge with limited treatment options and a generally poor prognosis.
  • Steroids and olfactory training (OT) are known to be effective for olfactory dysfunction from various causes.
  • This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of steroids and/or OT for patients diagnosed with PVOD.

Approach:

  • A comprehensive systematic literature review was performed using major scientific databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science).
  • Studies assessing olfactory changes in PVOD patients undergoing steroid therapy or OT were identified and analyzed.
  • Included studies utilized psychophysical olfactory testing and subjective symptom scores to evaluate treatment outcomes.

Key Points:

  • Routine nasal steroid spray alone did not positively impact PVOD, but direct steroid injection into the olfactory cleft significantly improved olfactory function.
  • Short-term classical olfactory training (COT) showed improvement over the natural disease course, with long-term COT (>12 weeks) yielding greater benefits.
  • Modified olfactory training (MOT) efficiency increased with longer duration, varied odorants, specific devices, and periodic changes in odor type, concentration, and molecular structure.
  • A combination of steroids (topical or oral) with OT proved more effective than COT alone.
  • Maximum therapeutic effect for both COT and MOT, defined by a threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) score increase of ≥6, was observed between 24 and 36 weeks.

Conclusions:

  • Direct steroid administration to the olfactory cleft, classical olfactory training (COT), or modified olfactory training (MOT) effectively enhances olfactory function in PVOD patients.
  • Combining topical steroids with COT therapy demonstrated a trend towards superior olfactory improvement in individuals with PVOD.
  • Long-term and modified olfactory training protocols, particularly when combined with steroid therapy, represent promising strategies for managing PVOD.