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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Current Progress in Evolutionary Comparative Genomics of Great Apes.

Aisha Yousaf1,2,3, Junfeng Liu1,2, Sicheng Ye1,2,3

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Genetics
|August 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-quality genome sequences of great apes illuminate evolutionary history and genetic differences. Comparative genomics reveals insights into natural selection and new genes, aiding understanding of human-specific traits.

Keywords:
evolutionary comparative genomicsgreat apesnatural selectionnew genesstructural variations

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • High-quality genome sequences for great ape species are now available.
  • These sequences offer significant opportunities for advanced genomic analyses.
  • Understanding great ape evolution is crucial for human origins research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in evolutionary comparative genomics of great apes.
  • To detail discoveries in evolutionary history, natural selection, and genetic variations.
  • To provide insights into the genetic basis of human-specific phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evolutionary comparative genomic studies.
  • Analysis of genome sequences from human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan.
  • Elaboration on findings related to evolutionary history, selection, and structural variations.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding great ape evolutionary history.
  • Key discoveries include insights into natural selection acting on these genomes.
  • Identification of structural variations and novel genes across species was elaborated.
  • These findings are informative for understanding human-specific traits.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative genomics of great apes provides a powerful framework for evolutionary studies.
  • Understanding genetic differences and similarities aids in pinpointing human uniqueness.
  • Future research can build upon these genomic resources to further unravel primate evolution and human origins.