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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
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Encephalopathy in COVID-19 Patients.

Parth Shah1, Jinish Patel2, Noha N Soror1

  • 1Internal Medicine, Western Reserve Health Education/Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Warren, USA.

Cureus
|August 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights acute necrotizing encephalopathy in a COVID-19 patient, likely due to a cytokine storm. Prompt treatment with IVIG and corticosteroids improved neurological symptoms and brain edema.

Keywords:
covid 19covid-19-related encephalopathycytokine storm syndromehigh dose corticosteroidsmedical intensive care unit (micu)

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with diverse clinical manifestations, including severe neurological complications.
  • Encephalopathy and encephalitis are serious central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Observation:

  • A 67-year-old male with COVID-19 pneumonia developed aphasia, hemiplegia, and hemiparesis.
  • Brain imaging revealed acute necrotizing encephalopathy, attributed to an intracranial cytokine storm.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in some cases has detected the virus.

Findings:

  • Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and high-dose corticosteroids led to clinical improvement and reduced brain edema.
  • Pathogenesis may involve hypoxia, metabolic changes from cytokine storm, and potential neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2.
  • Characteristic MRI findings include symmetric, multifocal lesions, often involving the thalamus, brainstem, and white matter.

Implications:

  • Early recognition and aggressive immune modulation are crucial for managing COVID-19-associated encephalopathy.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of CNS involvement can guide therapeutic strategies for neurological complications of viral infections.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering neurological assessments in severe COVID-19 cases.