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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

Published on: February 18, 2021

Craniofacial shape from pre- to post-adolescence.

Aleksandra Maciejewska-Turek¹, Małgorzata Bilińska², Hans L L Wellens³

¹Private Practice, Warsaw, Poland.

European Journal of Orthodontics

|August 30, 2021

Summary

Pre-adolescent craniofacial shape significantly predicts adolescent shape, explaining about 60% of the variation. However, early facial structure showed a weak link to the magnitude of growth changes.

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Area of Science:

Craniofacial biology
Orthodontics
Human growth and development

Background:

Craniofacial growth exhibits considerable variability, making prediction challenging.
Understanding the relationship between early and later craniofacial morphology is crucial for growth prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the covariation between craniofacial shape in pre-adolescence and post-adolescence.
To evaluate the association between pre-adolescent craniofacial shape and the magnitude and direction of growth.

Main Methods:

Utilized cephalograms from 150 untreated subjects (pre- and post-adolescence).
Employed digital tracing with 123 points (semilandmarks) covering the craniofacial skeleton.
Applied Procrustes alignment, principal component analysis, and 2-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis.

Main Results:

Pre- and post-adolescent craniofacial shapes were significantly associated (RV coefficient ≈ 0.63).
The first 16 principal components explained 85.2% of craniofacial shape variability.
Pre-adolescent shape weakly correlated with the magnitude of facial change (RV = 0.035).

Conclusions:

Pre-adolescent craniofacial shape accounts for approximately 60% of post-adolescent shape.
The predictive power of early craniofacial shape for growth magnitude is limited.