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Related Concept Videos

Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

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Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
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Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Noninvasive and Invasive Renal Hypoxia Monitoring in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
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Predicting oxygen tension along the ureter.

Chang-Joon Lee1,2, Bruce S Gardiner1,2, Roger G Evans3

  • 1College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
|August 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Continuous measurement of bladder urine oxygen tension may help detect acute kidney injury (AKI) risk. A computational model suggests bladder urine oxygen levels can predict renal medullary oxygen levels, aiding AKI risk assessment.

Keywords:
acute kidney injurycomputational modeloxygen diffusionrenal hypoxiaureter

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Continuous measurement of bladder urine oxygen tension (Po2) is a potential method for detecting renal medullary hypoxia.
  • Renal medullary hypoxia is a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI).
  • Assessing the practicality of bladder urine Po2 measurement requires understanding urine transit and oxygen exchange dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a computational model simulating urine bolus movement and oxygen exchange in the ureter.
  • To quantify changes in urine Po2 from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
  • To assess the feasibility of predicting renal medullary oxygen levels using bladder urine Po2 measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model of peristaltic urine bolus movement and oxygen exchange along the ureter.
  • Calibrated model parameters using experimental data from rabbits, achieving an average 7.0% difference.
  • Performed parametric experiments using a model scaled to human ureter dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Bladder urine Po2 is highly dependent on bolus volume, particularly below physiological levels (<0.2 mL).
  • Peristaltic frequency had minimal impact (<1 mmHg) on bladder urine Po2.
  • Identified linear relationships between bladder and pelvic urine Po2 under various conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Predicting renal medullary oxygen tension from bladder urine Po2 may be technically feasible.
  • Accurate real-time measurement of model input parameters is crucial for reliable predictions.
  • This approach offers a potential non-invasive method for early detection of AKI risk.