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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Protocols of 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Based Bioinks
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3D Printable Soy/Silk Hybrid Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications.

Pramod Dorishetty1, Rajkamal Balu1, Amy Gelmi2

  • 1School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.

Biomacromolecules
|August 30, 2021
PubMed
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Researchers developed novel 3D printable hybrid hydrogels using soy protein isolate (SPI) and silk fibroin (SF). These advanced biomaterials show promise for tissue engineering due to tunable properties and enhanced cell interaction.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Developing 3D printable hydrogels with tunable properties is crucial for advanced biomedical applications.
  • Achieving 3D printing of hydrogels with diverse protein structures (globular and fibrous) remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first successful extrusion-based 3D printing of hybrid hydrogels co-cross-linked from globular soy protein isolate (SPI) and fibrous silk fibroin (SF).
  • To characterize the structural, mechanical, and biological properties of these novel SPI/SF hybrid hydrogels for potential tissue engineering applications.

Main Methods:

  • In situ rheology combined with small-/ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (Rheo-SANS/USANS) to investigate ink structure under shear.
  • Photorheology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study sol-gel transition kinetics and micromechanical properties.

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  • 3D printing of hybrid hydrogels and assessment of cell attachment, viability, and proliferation.

    • Main Results:

    • The hybrid ink (1:3 SPI/SF) exhibited a stable, isotropic mass fractal structure across relevant shear rates.
    • Fabricated hybrid hydrogels demonstrated tunable mechanical properties (storage modulus: 13-29 kPa, Young's modulus: 214-811 kPa) with increased SF content.
    • 3D printed hydrogels showed larger micropore sizes and supported good fibroblast cell attachment, viability, and proliferation.

    Conclusions:

    • Extrusion-based 3D printing of photochemically co-cross-linked SPI/SF hybrid hydrogels is feasible.
    • These hybrid hydrogels possess tunable mechanical properties and enhanced structural characteristics, making them suitable for tissue engineering.
    • The demonstrated biocompatibility supports their potential use in regenerative medicine and scaffold fabrication.