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Updated: Oct 22, 2025
Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
Published on: February 10, 2015
Inter-rater reliability of scapular dyskinesis classification in overhead athletes by entry-level physical therapy
Juan Guerrero-Henriquez1, Mauricio Oyarce-Mella2, Jimmy Reyes Rocabado3
1Rehabilitation and Human Movement Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
Background:
Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a dysfunction associated with shoulder pathologies in overhead athletes and its classification is highly complex, especially in entry-level physical therapy students.
Objective:
This research aimed to determine the effect of a video training method on inter-rater reliability of physical therapy entry-level students with no clinical experience while performing SD ratings under 4-type, severity, and 'yes or no' criteria in overhead athletes.
Methods:
A total of 49 overhead athletes were evaluated by video recordings in posterior view of lifting tasks. Two entry-level students without clinical experience performed SD classifications according to previously mentioned criteria on both scapula in two separate sessions, with 1 week of difference. Data analysis was conducted based on the kappa coefficient (k) and its confidence intervals (CI).
Results:
The 'yes or no' criteria present better results than the 4-type and severity criteria. In addition, a better inter-rater agreement is evidenced in the second measurement compared to the first one. Furthermore, the k coefficients reach values like those achieved by experienced evaluators.
Conclusion:
Video training settings for scapular dyskinesis rating in entry-level physical therapist students with no clinical experience allows better inter-rater reliability values.
