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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

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Experimental recommendations for estimating lower extremity loading based on joint and activity.

Todd J Hullfish¹, John F Drazan¹, Josh R Baxter¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics

|August 30, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Musculoskeletal models estimate joint loading but are sensitive to errors. This study found the hip is most affected by segment mass and ground reaction force errors, guiding future research setups.

Keywords:

Biomechanics Inverse dynamics Low-cost data collection Run Sensitivity analysis Walk

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Movement Analysis
Computational Modeling

Background:

Musculoskeletal models are used to estimate joint loading non-invasively.
These models rely on assumptions and measurements prone to error, potentially affecting joint load analysis.
Understanding the impact of specific errors is crucial for refining these models.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the impact of segment mass and shear ground reaction force errors on joint load calculations.
To determine how these errors affect ankle, knee, and hip joint moments during activities of daily living.
To provide insights for researchers optimizing data collection for musculoskeletal modeling.

Main Methods:

Marker-based motion capture and 6-DOF force plates were used with 8 healthy adults.
Segment mass and shear ground reaction force were systematically varied (0-200%) to create 1681 combinations.
Inverse dynamics calculations were performed for each combination to determine peak joint moments.

Main Results:

The ankle joint showed the most resistance to changes in both mass and shear force.
The knee joint was resistant to mass variations, while the hip joint was sensitive to both mass and shear force changes.
Percent errors in peak joint moments varied significantly across joints and error types.

Conclusions:

The hip joint's sensitivity to mass and shear force errors necessitates careful consideration in musculoskeletal modeling.
The ankle and knee exhibit greater robustness to certain types of measurement error.
Findings can inform the development of more cost-effective and convenient biomechanical data collection strategies.