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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Eco-Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Polyol-Based Microwave-Assisted Techniques
Published on: August 23, 2024
Generation and characterization of nanobubbles in ionic liquid for a green extraction of polyphenols from Carya
Fatima-Ezzahra Ettoumi1, Ruyuan Zhang1, Tarun Belwal1
1Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Nanobubbles (NBs) generated-nanojets membrane poration have gained enormous attention. In this study, NBs were fabricated as a novel green approach to assist ionic liquid (IL) [C4C1im][BF4] extraction of polyphenols from Carya cathayensis Sarg. husk. NBs were successfully generated with mean size of 85.47 ± 5 nm, zeta potential of +39 ± 2.24 mV, and concentration of 21.15 ± 0.75 × 108 particles/mL (stable for over 48 h in IL solution). Compared to common solutions extract, IL-NBs extract showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity and polyphenols yields with a total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and total tannins contents of 85.67 ± 2.05 mg GAE/g DW, 42.44 ± 1.17 mg CE/g DW, and 8.2 ± 0.05 mg TAE/g DW, respectively. The SEM results confirmed that NBs' nanojets caused morphological destruction of the husk powder. Overall, IL-NBs solution showed better extraction efficiency of polyphenols than other solutions, giving insight into a new "green" nanotechnology-based extraction method.
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