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Updated: Oct 22, 2025
Avocado Sample Preparation Using the QuEChERS Method with Ammonium Formate for Pesticide Analysis
Published on: December 8, 2023
Method optimization and validation for the routine analysis of multi-class pesticide residues in Kinnow Mandarin and
Aasma Bibi1, Nazia Rafique2, Sofia Khalid3
1Ecotoxicology Research Program, IPEP, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Abstract:
The present study describes the selection of a sensitive multi-residue method that can be used for the routine testing of pesticides in Kinnow Mandarin. The citrate-buffered QuEChERS extraction followed by primary secondary amines and C18 clean-up was found suitable for the analysis of fifty four pesticides. The limit of quantification for the selected pesticides was lower than maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by European Union, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), and twelve other countries. The method's accuracy ranged from 74.4 to 112% and expanded uncertainty ranged from 7.5 to 49.6%. The validated method was applied to Kinnow Mandarin samples, collected from 22 export units of district Sargodha, Pakistan. Almost 27% of the samples (n = 22) were exceeding the CAC-MRLs. The index of quality for residues (IqR), for 64% of the samples, was considered adequate. The study indicates the need for regular monitoring to protect public health and ensure safe and consistent trade.
