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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Rudolph Virchow discovered spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts in 1858. Inactive fibroblasts, called fibrocytes, become activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Activated fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing, inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and cancer progression. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts results in fibrosis, the excess deposition of fibrous tissue, which can lead to scarring and affect normal organs. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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TFH cells in systemic sclerosis.

Pauline Beurier1,2, Laure Ricard1,2,3, Deborah Eshagh1,2

  • 1INSERM UMRs 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Médecine Interne and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

T follicular helper cells are implicated in systemic sclerosis, contributing to fibrosis and autoimmune responses. Targeting these cells offers potential therapeutic strategies for this autoimmune disease.

Keywords:
Systemic sclerosisT follicular helper cellsTherapies

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease marked by fibrosis, vascular issues, and immune dysregulation.
  • T and B cell deregulation is implicated in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis.
  • Aberrant T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are observed in various autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review alterations in circulating Tfh cells in systemic sclerosis.
  • To describe the role of Tfh cells in B cell activation and fibrosis.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting Tfh cells in systemic sclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on Tfh cells in systemic sclerosis.
  • Analysis of Tfh cell frequency and number in patients.
  • Examination of Tfh cell-mediated mechanisms in fibrosis.

Main Results:

  • Altered numbers and frequencies of circulating Tfh cells are observed in systemic sclerosis.
  • Tfh cells contribute to aberrant B cell activation and differentiation via IL-21.
  • Tfh-like cells are involved in fibrogenesis in human and mouse models.

Conclusions:

  • T follicular helper cells play a dual role in systemic sclerosis, driving both autoimmune abnormalities and fibrosis.
  • Targeting Tfh cells presents a promising therapeutic avenue for systemic sclerosis.
  • Further research and clinical trials are needed to validate Tfh-targeted therapies.