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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

71.9K
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

3.3K
The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
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Global kidney chains.

Afshin Nikzad1, Mohammad Akbarpour2, Michael A Rees3,4

  • 1Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

International kidney exchange chains can help overcome transplant shortages. This model links middle-income countries with high-income countries, benefiting patients facing dialysis and reducing healthcare costs.

Keywords:
chainsglobal kidney exchangekidney exchangemarket designtransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Transplantation immunology
  • Health economics

Background:

  • Kidney failure presents a global health challenge, exacerbated by a critical shortage of organ transplants.
  • Many patients, particularly in high-income countries, face long waiting times for kidney transplants due to difficulties in matching donor-recipient pairs.
  • Financial barriers in middle-income countries limit access to transplantation, leading to prolonged reliance on dialysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel international kidney exchange model to address transplant shortages.
  • To facilitate kidney exchange chains between middle-income and high-income countries.
  • To explore a financing mechanism for these international chains utilizing savings for US healthcare payers.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptualizing international kidney exchange chains starting in middle-income countries and concluding in high-income countries.
  • Developing a financial framework to leverage cost savings for US healthcare payers.
  • Analyzing the potential benefits for hard-to-match patients and those facing long-term dialysis.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model offers a structured approach to international kidney exchange.
  • It creates a pathway for utilizing available donor pairs in middle-income countries to benefit patients in high-income countries.
  • Potential for significant cost savings within the US healthcare system through this innovative financing model.

Conclusions:

  • International kidney exchange chains represent a viable strategy to mitigate transplant scarcity.
  • This model can improve access to life-saving kidney transplants for patients globally.
  • The proposed financing mechanism presents an economically advantageous solution for healthcare systems.