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Atomic-scale visualization of electronic fluid flow.

Xiaolong Liu1, Yi Xue Chong1, Rahul Sharma1,2

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Researchers visualized the electron-pair fluid velocity in a superconductor for the first time. This breakthrough in quantum fluid imaging reveals supercurrents and flow patterns at unprecedented speeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Superconductivity

Background:

  • Velocity field is crucial for understanding fluid dynamics, especially in quantum fluids.
  • Visualizing the velocity field of charged superfluids (superconductors) has been a significant challenge.
  • Previous research has advanced quantum fluid velocity field imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize the electron-pair density and velocity fields in a charged superfluid (superconductor).
  • To image the supercurrent density and flow patterns in superconducting Niobium diselenide (NbSe2).
  • To investigate the spatial patterns and structures within the electronic fluid flow.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized superconducting-tip scanning tunneling microscopy for imaging.
  • Employed Josephson tunneling for independent imaging of electron-pair density.
  • Combined density and velocity field data to visualize supercurrents.

Main Results:

  • Successfully imaged the velocity fields around quantized vortices in NbSe2.
  • Observed electronic fluid flow speeds up to 10,000 km/h.
  • Visualized supercurrent densities exceeding 3 x 10^7 A/cm^2.
  • Revealed hexagonal structures in flow patterns, aligned with the crystal lattice and quasiparticle bound states.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first visualization of electron-pair fluid flow in a superconductor.
  • The developed techniques enable visualization of other charged quantum fluids.
  • The findings offer insights into the complex behavior of supercurrents and electronic fluid dynamics.