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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis
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Low-dose Methotrexate Therapy Does Not Affect Semen Parameters and Sperm DNA.

Anne Grosen1,2, Emanuelle Bellaguarda2, Jacob Nersting3

  • 1Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Methotrexate treatment for inflammatory diseases does not harm sperm DNA integrity or semen quality in men. This finding suggests that cryopreservation before treatment or a waiting period is unnecessary for male fertility.

Keywords:
inflammatory bowel diseasemale fertilitymethotrexatesemen qualitysperm DNA integrity

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive medicine
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Methotrexate is a common treatment for inflammatory diseases during reproductive years.
  • Its impact on male fertility and sperm DNA integrity remains largely unexamined.
  • This study addresses the unknown effects of methotrexate on male reproductive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate sperm DNA integrity and semen parameters in men with inflammatory diseases undergoing methotrexate therapy.
  • To compare these parameters with healthy volunteers and assess changes during and after methotrexate treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Compared semen samples from 14 methotrexate-treated patients with 40 healthy volunteers.
  • Analyzed sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), concentration, motility, and morphology.
  • Measured blood sex hormones and methotrexate levels, including paired comparisons from 5 patients on and off therapy.

Main Results:

  • Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was comparable between methotrexate-treated patients and healthy controls (11.5% vs 15.0%, P = .06).
  • No significant changes in DFI were observed when patients went on or off methotrexate therapy (12.0% vs 14.0%, P = .35).
  • Sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were similar; progressive motility showed minor fluctuations within WHO limits.

Conclusions:

  • Low-dose methotrexate therapy does not adversely affect sperm quality or increase DNA fragmentation in men.
  • The findings do not support the need for semen cryopreservation before methotrexate initiation.
  • A methotrexate-free interval prior to conception is not indicated based on this study's results.