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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

955
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Mathematical Tooth Proportions: A Systematic Review.

Mohammed A Akl1, Dina E Mansour1, Keith Mays2

  • 1Division of Prosthodontics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

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|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mathematical formulas like the golden proportion and Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportion do not consistently predict esthetic dental outcomes. The golden percentage offers a starting point but requires individual adjustments for predictable results in smile esthetics.

Keywords:
Esthetic dentistryRED proportionfacial estheticsgolden percentagegolden proportiontooth proportions

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Esthetic Dentistry
  • Dental Morphology

Background:

  • Facial and dental proportions are crucial for esthetic outcomes in restorative dentistry.
  • Various mathematical formulas, including the golden proportion, golden percentage, and Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportion, have been proposed to guide esthetic tooth arrangements.
  • The predictability and repeatability of these mathematical formulas in achieving desirable esthetic results remain areas of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare the golden proportion, golden percentage, and RED proportion.
  • To determine if any mathematical formulas can reliably predict and reproduce esthetic clinical outcomes in dentistry.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Wiley, Google Scholar, PubMed).
  • Search terms included variations of "golden proportion," "golden percentage," "Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportions," "tooth proportions," and "esthetic tooth proportions."
  • Relevant articles from key dental journals and their citations were also hand-searched and reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Natural tooth proportions exhibit significant variation, with no single mathematical formula consistently predicting esthetic success.
  • The golden proportion was observed inconsistently between incisors and rarely between the lateral incisor and canine.
  • The golden percentage showed potential as a starting point for tooth shape and size, but only when adjusted for individual factors like ethnicity and facial morphology.

Conclusions:

  • Mathematical formulas do not provide consistent, standardized guidance for achieving esthetically pleasing smiles.
  • While the golden percentage can be a useful initial guide, individual case-specific adjustments are necessary.
  • Generalized esthetic ideals in dentistry are subjective and open to interpretation by clinicians and patients, rather than being dictated by mathematical formulas.