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Related Concept Videos

Taxonomy01:31

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.Hierarchy of TaxonomyThe hierarchy that Carolus Linnaeus first...
Communication01:03

Communication

Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Keystone Species01:39

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a pivotal role in the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Flat Mount Imaging of Mouse Skin and Its Application to the Analysis of Hair Follicle Patterning and Sensory Axon Morphology
13:58

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Atto-Foxes and Other Minutiae.

A C Fowler1,2

  • 1MACSI, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. andrew.fowler@ul.ie.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study explores extinction risks in population dynamics models with few individuals. Introducing a

Area of Science:

  • Population Dynamics
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Extinction in continuous population models is challenging, especially with small population sizes.
  • The stochastic logistic model and its continuous counterpart present unique extinction dynamics.
  • Small number dynamics can lead to counterintuitive outcomes in population predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze extinction problems in continuous population dynamics models with limited individuals.
  • To investigate the 'atto-fox' problem in rabies models and the 'frogspawn' problem in reproductive strategies.
  • To propose modeling solutions for extinction challenges in small populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the stochastic logistic model and its continuous approximation.
Keywords:
Atto-foxesBoom-and-bustExtinctionFrogspawnStochastic logistic model

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  • Examination of specific 'small number dynamics' scenarios: the 'atto-fox' problem and the 'frogspawn' problem.
  • Development of a reservoir concept as a modeling resolution and utilization of a Holling type 3 response with nonlinear age-structured models.

    • Main Results:

    • The 'atto-fox' problem, involving extremely low predicted densities, is identified in various contexts (e.g., microbial 'yocto-cell' problem).
    • The 'frogspawn' problem, where few adults survive from many eggs, is explained through ecological responses.
    • A 'reservoir' or 'refuge' concept is proposed as a functional solution to mitigate extinction risk in models.

    Conclusions:

    • Small population sizes introduce significant challenges in continuous population dynamics modeling.
    • The proposed reservoir concept offers a viable modeling strategy to address extinction risks.
    • Ecological responses, like the Holling type 3, can explain survival dynamics from large initial numbers.