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Microglia and Sensitive Periods in Brain Development.

Julia E Dziabis1,2, Staci D Bilbo3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|August 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The immune system, particularly microglia, is crucial for brain development. Immune activation timing during sensitive periods significantly impacts long-term brain function and neurodevelopmental disorder risk.

Keywords:
AdolescenceCircuit refinementEmbryonicInhibitoryMicrogliaNeurodevelopmentNeuroimmunologyNeuroinflammationSensitive periodsSynaptic pruning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The immune system and central nervous system (CNS) communicate via signaling molecules.
  • Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, are key immune cells in CNS development.
  • Microglia perform critical roles including neuronal migration, circuit refinement, and synaptic pruning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of microglia during neural development.
  • To highlight the impact of immune activation timing on brain function and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • To examine sensitive developmental periods: embryonic wiring, early postnatal synaptic pruning, and adolescent circuit refinement.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on microglia and CNS development.
  • Analysis of immune activation's impact across different developmental stages.
  • Synthesis of findings on the role of timing in microglial function.

Main Results:

  • Microglia actively shape neural development through various complex tasks.
  • Immune activation during specific developmental windows has lasting effects on brain function.
  • The impact of immune insults depends heavily on the brain's maturational stage.

Conclusions:

  • Timing of immune activation is critical, often more so than the insult itself.
  • Microglial functions are diverse and essential for building a healthy brain.
  • Understanding these processes is vital for addressing neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.