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Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) noncompliance in people who use drugs is often due to phones being switched off or questions expiring. Addressing participant needs and timing questions appropriately can improve data quality.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) captures real-world events, feelings, and behaviors, reducing measurement error.
  • However, EMA generates challenges related to noncompliance, such as missing data.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on overall noncompliance rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify types of noncompliance in people who use drugs.
  • Examine factors associated with the most common types of EMA noncompliance.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot study involving 28 Nebraskan people who use drugs over 2 weeks.
  • Data collected via EMA, examining reasons for missing questions (skipped, expired, phone off, phone died).

Main Results:

  • Phone switched off and expired questions accounted for 93.34% of missing data.
  • Participant factors (age, gender, homelessness, device ownership, network size) predicted 'phone off' missingness.
  • Question-level factors (time of day, day of week) predicted 'expired' missingness.
  • Study week influenced both types of missingness.

Conclusions:

  • Propose a three-pronged strategy to reduce missing EMA data in high-risk populations.
  • Provide resources for phone charging issues (e.g., for homeless individuals).
  • Schedule questions during low-demand times (e.g., mornings).
  • Incentivize continued participant compliance throughout the study.