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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
Published on: December 9, 2022
Relationship between teaching modality and COVID-19, well-being, and teaching satisfaction (campus & corona): A
Atle Fretheim1,2, Arnfinn Helleve3, Borghild Løyland1
1Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130, Oslo, Norway.
Objectives:
Higher education institutions all over the world struggled to balance the need for infection control and educational requirements, as they prepared to reopen after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A particularly difficult choice was whether to offer for in-person or online teaching. Norwegian universities and university colleges opted for a hybrid model when they reopened for the autumn semester, with some students being offered more in-person teaching than others. We seized this opportunity to study the association between different teaching modalities and COVID-19 risk, quality of life (subjective well-being), and teaching satisfaction.
Study Design:
Prospective, observational cohort study.
Methods:
We recruited students in higher education institutions in Norway who we surveyed biweekly from September to December in 2020.
Results:
26 754 students from 14 higher education institutions provided data to our analyses. We found that two weeks of in-person teaching was negatively associated with COVID-19 risk compared to online teaching, but the difference was very uncertain (-22% relative difference; 95% CI -77%-33%). Quality of life was positively associated with in-person teaching (3%; 95% CI 2%-4%), as was teaching satisfaction (10%; 95% CI 8%-11%).
Conclusion:
The association between COVID-19 infection and teaching modality was highly uncertain. Shifting from in-person to online teaching seems to have a negative impact on the well-being of students in higher education.
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