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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.5K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Evolution of Polymer Colloid Structure During Precipitation and Phase Separation.

Jason X Liu1, Navid Bizmark2,3, Douglas M Scott2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.

JACS Au
|September 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The pathway from precipitation to vitrification determines polymer colloid morphology. Understanding these pathways is key to designing advanced functional polymer colloids for new technologies.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Polymer colloids are essential in various synthetic and natural systems.
  • Colloid structure dictates function and application, driving the need to understand formation mechanisms.
  • Advances in polymer colloid production and technology rely on understanding structure formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate how the precipitation-to-vitrification pathway influences polymer blend colloid morphology.
  • To reveal the relationship between colloid structure and phase diagram trajectory.
  • To provide insights for designing functional structured polymer colloids.

Main Methods:

  • Continuum simulations
  • Free energy calculations
  • Experimental validation

Main Results:

  • Polymer-solvent phase separation can precede polymer-polymer phase separation in miscible blends during solvent exchange.
  • For less-miscible, high-molecular-weight blends, phase separation and kinetic arrest compete to define final morphology.
  • Colloid structure is demonstrably altered by the chosen trajectory through the phase diagram.

Conclusions:

  • The pathway from precipitation to vitrification is critical for dictating polymer colloid morphology.
  • Understanding these formation pathways enables the design of advanced functional polymer colloids.
  • This research facilitates the development of new technologies utilizing structured polymer colloids.