Droplet Impact on Surfaces with Asymmetric Microscopic Features

The impact of liquid drops on a rigid surface is central in cleaning, cooling, and coating processes in both nature and industrial applications. However, it is not clear how details of pores, roughness, and texture on the solid surface influence the initial stages of the impact dynamics. Here, we experimentally study drops impacting at low velocities onto surfaces textured with asymmetric (tilted) ridges. We found that the difference between impact velocity and the capillary speed on a solid surface is a key factor of spreading asymmetry, where the capillary speed is determined by the friction at a moving three-phase contact line. The line-friction capillary number Ca_f = μ_fV₀/σ (where μ_f,V₀, and σ are the line friction, impact velocity, and surface tension, respectively) is defined as a measure of the importance of the topology of surface textures for the dynamics of droplet impact. We show that when Ca_f ≪ 1, the droplet impact is asymmetric; the contact line speed in the direction against the inclination of the ridges is set by line friction, whereas in the direction with inclination, the contact line is pinned at acute corners of the ridges. When Ca_f ≫ 1, the geometric details of nonsmooth surfaces play little role.