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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
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A flexible and scalable, fully software-based lock-in amplifier for nonlinear spectroscopy.

D Uhl1, L Bruder1, F Stienkemeier1

  • 1Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

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|September 2, 2021
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Summary

We developed a flexible, software-based lock-in amplifier (LIA) for nonlinear spectroscopy. Our cost-effective LIA matches commercial performance and offers enhanced data analysis and scalability.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Electronics

Background:

  • Traditional lock-in amplifiers are hardware-based, limiting flexibility.
  • Nonlinear spectroscopy requires precise signal detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a cost-effective, software-based lock-in amplifier (LIA).
  • To enable applications in nonlinear spectroscopy like transient absorption and coherent multidimensional spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a fully software-based lock-in amplifier on a commercial computer.
  • Performance comparison with a state-of-the-art commercial lock-in amplifier.

Main Results:

  • The software-based LIA achieved performance comparable to commercial hardware.
  • Identical results were observed between the developed and commercial LIAs.

Conclusions:

  • Software-based LIAs offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to hardware-based systems.
  • The developed LIA provides advantages in data analysis flexibility and channel scalability.