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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
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The Arch of Aorta01:10

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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Exploring Deep Space - Uncovering the Anatomy of Periventricular Structures to Reveal the Lateral Ventricles of the Human Brain
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A Rare Anatomical Finding: Bilateral Accessory Mental Foramen.

Zülfikar Karabıyık1, Mustafa Kıranatlı2

  • 1Kütahya Health Science University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Turkey.

Case Reports in Dentistry
|September 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Accessory mental foramina (AMF) are uncommon mandibular variations. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) identified bilateral AMF in a patient, highlighting the need for careful surgical planning to prevent complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Accessory mental foramen (AMF) is an uncommon anatomical variation of the mandible.
  • Awareness of AMF is crucial for surgical procedures in the mental region to prevent complications.
  • Standard radiography like Orthopantomograph (OPG) may not reliably detect AMF.

Observation:

  • A 52-year-old male patient presented for rehabilitation of a partially edentulous lower jaw, with planned implant surgery.
  • Initial OPG revealed no significant findings in the maxillofacial region.
  • Pre-operative Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) identified bilateral accessory mental foramina (AMF).

Findings:

  • CBCT and 3D reconstruction confirmed the presence of bilateral AMF.
  • Accessory mental foramina (AMF) can contribute to innervation of the chin and mental region.
  • These variations, though uncommon, may be missed on standard panoramic radiographs.

Implications:

  • Identifying AMF pre-surgically is vital to prevent neurosensory disturbances and hemorrhage.
  • Careful surgical planning and protection of AMF can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • CBCT offers higher precision for detecting anatomical variations compared to OPG, despite increased cost and radiation exposure.