Increased Body Temperature
Patterns of Fever
Types of Fever
Methods of reducing fever
Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature
Factors Affecting Body Temperature
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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
Published on: November 21, 2017
Philip A Mackowiak1, Frank A Chervenak2, Amos Grünebaum2
1Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Fever is frequently mentioned in medical studies but rarely defined. Without specifying minimum temperature, thermometer type, or measurement site, the term "fever" lacks clear clinical meaning.
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