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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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What is the Skeletal System?01:02

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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
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Secondary Osteoporosis.

Peter R Ebeling1,2, Hanh H Nguyen1,2,3, Jasna Aleksova2,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.

Endocrine Reviews
|September 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Secondary osteoporosis affects many women and men, often due to underlying conditions. Identifying and treating these causes is crucial for effective osteoporosis management and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
bone mineral densitychronic diseasefractureosteoporosissecondary causes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis poses a significant global health challenge, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality from fractures.
  • While postmenopausal osteoporosis is prevalent, secondary causes account for a large proportion of cases in premenopausal women and men.
  • Secondary osteoporosis arises from diverse, often overlooked, conditions including endocrine, inflammatory, and genetic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of excluding secondary causes in osteoporosis diagnosis and management.
  • To discuss the limitations of current diagnostic tools and risk assessment methods for secondary osteoporosis.
  • To identify evidence gaps in the treatment of secondary osteoporosis and inform guideline development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on secondary osteoporosis prevalence, causes, and diagnostic challenges.
  • Analysis of the utility and limitations of bone densitometry (DXA), FRAX, and trabecular bone score in secondary osteoporosis.
  • Examination of current osteoporosis management guidelines and their applicability to secondary causes.

Main Results:

  • Secondary osteoporosis requires specific diagnostic approaches beyond general screening, especially in younger individuals or those lacking typical risk factors.
  • Standard bone density measurements may inaccurately reflect fracture risk in certain chronic diseases.
  • Risk assessment tools like FRAX may need adjustments for conditions such as glucocorticoid use, type 2 diabetes, and HIV.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of secondary osteoporosis necessitates identifying and treating the underlying condition.
  • Current guidelines and therapeutic evidence often neglect the complexities of secondary osteoporosis, highlighting critical research and clinical gaps.
  • Further research is needed to refine diagnostic strategies and develop evidence-based treatments for secondary osteoporosis.