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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
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Visualising the Link Between Carpal Bones and Their Etymologies.

Kaitlin Nasrala1,2, Matthieu Poyade2, Eilidh Ferguson3

  • 1Anatomy Facility, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|September 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Medical students can improve anatomy knowledge retention with a new mobile app visualizing carpal bone etymology. This tool leverages language roots and 3D visualization to enhance learning and recall of anatomical terms.

Keywords:
3D ModelsCarpal BonesEducational ApplicationEtymologyMedical Visualisation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anatomy
  • Digital Learning

Background:

  • Medical students often face challenges retaining anatomical knowledge.
  • Understanding classical languages (Greek/Latin) correlates with higher anatomy scores.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) visualization tools show promise in enhancing learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of a mobile application for visualizing carpal bone etymology.
  • To aid medical students in learning and retaining anatomical knowledge.
  • To explore the integration of 3D visualization in anatomy teaching.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on carpal bone tests and etymology in anatomy.
  • Development of a mobile application with 3D models of carpal bones and their etymology.
  • User testing and feedback collection to refine the application.

Main Results:

  • The study outlines the framework for creating 3D anatomical models and the mobile application.
  • User testing provided feedback for iterative improvement of the application design.
  • Analysis of feedback informed enhancements for future anatomy teaching applications.

Conclusions:

  • A mobile application visualizing carpal bone etymology can support anatomy education.
  • Integrating 3D visualization and etymological context offers a novel approach to learning.
  • Further development and integration of such tools hold potential for improving medical student learning outcomes.