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Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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The Availability Heuristic01:08

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?01:17

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The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, an appropriate test statistic, an appropriate confidence level, the critical values, and P-values. However, when the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, is it right to say, 'Accept' the null hypothesis?
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Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

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Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

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Children selectively endorse speculative conjectures.

Junyi Chu1, Laura E Schulz1

  • 1MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Child Development
|September 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People, including young children, prioritize new ideas that answer questions over established facts when no known answer exists. This learning strategy helps in acquiring novel information even when faced with uncertainty.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Epistemology

Background:

  • Young children exhibit epistemic vigilance, assessing informant reliability and claim verifiability.
  • Hypotheses must offer potential solutions to questions.
  • Learning may depend on adopting unverified, speculative proposals for unanswered questions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions under which individuals reject known facts in favor of unverified conjectures.
  • To explore the balance between epistemic vigilance and the need for novel information.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted involving adults and children (aged 4.0-7.9 years).
  • Participants were presented with questions and evaluated both available facts and unverified conjectures as potential answers.
  • Conjectures were sometimes accompanied by uncertainty markers or contradicted prior expectations.

Main Results:

  • Both adults and children preferred conjectures when they provided answers to questions that available facts did not address.
  • This preference persisted even when conjectures were marked with uncertainty or violated prior expectations.
  • Findings suggest a pragmatic approach to information seeking, prioritizing solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals, including children, prioritize novel conjectures that offer solutions to unanswered questions over established facts.
  • This suggests that the utility of a hypothesis in solving a problem can override concerns about its verifiability or prior plausibility.
  • This finding has implications for understanding learning, belief formation, and decision-making under uncertainty.