Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 21, 2025
11:03
An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
Published on: December 4, 2017
8.7K
Nondissipative Second-Order Transport, Spin, and Pseudogauge Transformations in Hydrodynamics
Shiyong Li1, Mikhail A Stephanov1, Ho-Ung Yee1
1Physics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
Physical Review Letters
|September 3, 2021
Summary
This study reveals new thermodynamic relations for fluid transport coefficients near uniform rotation. These findings connect spin hydrodynamics to conventional theories and constrain thermal Hall-like effects.
Area of Science:
- Thermodynamics
- Fluid Dynamics
- Non-equilibrium Physics
Background:
- Second-order transport coefficients are crucial for describing fluid behavior beyond linear response.
- The second law of thermodynamics provides fundamental constraints on physical processes.
- Hydrodynamics traditionally describes fluid motion, but extensions are needed for complex systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To derive novel relations between second-order transport coefficients using thermodynamic principles.
- To explore the connection between spin hydrodynamics and conventional hydrodynamics.
- To investigate constraints imposed by the second law on heat transport phenomena.
Main Methods:
- Derivation of thermodynamic relations under uniform rotation.
- Analysis of spin-extended hydrodynamics.
- Application of the second law of thermodynamics to transport coefficients.
Main Results:
- A set of nontrivial relations between second-order transport coefficients was derived.
- Spin hydrodynamics was shown to be equivalent to modified conventional hydrodynamics with second-order terms.
- A thermal Hall-like effect in heat current, orthogonal to vorticity and temperature gradients, is constrained by the second law.
Conclusions:
- The derived relations offer new insights into the thermodynamics of transport phenomena.
- Spin hydrodynamics provides a consistent framework for describing complex fluid behaviors.
- The second law of thermodynamics plays a critical role in limiting novel heat transport mechanisms.
Related Concept Videos
01:15Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
531
Dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics provide simplified ratios that help analyze fluid behavior without relying on specific units. The Reynolds number (Re), which represents the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, distinguishes between laminar and turbulent flows, making it essential in the design of pipelines and aerodynamic surfaces. The Froude number (Fr), the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces, is particularly useful in predicting wave formation and hydraulic jumps in...
531
01:24Reynolds Transport Theorem
1.5K
The Reynolds transport theorem provides a framework to relate the time rate of change of an extensive property within a system to that in a control volume, which is crucial for analyzing fluid dynamics. Extensive properties, such as mass, velocity, acceleration, temperature, and momentum, can be expressed in terms of the mass of a fluid portion. These properties are called extensive because they depend on the system's size, while intensive properties are their corresponding values per unit...
1.5K
01:02¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals
1.2K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.2K
01:28Euler's Equations of Motion
621
In fluid mechanics, shear stresses arise from viscosity, which represents a fluid's internal resistance to deformation. For low-viscosity fluids, like water, these stresses are minimal, simplifying flow analysis by allowing the fluid to be treated as inviscid, or frictionless. In an inviscid fluid, shear stresses are absent, leaving only normal stresses, which act perpendicularly to fluid elements. Notably, pressure — defined as the negative of the normal stress — remains...
621
01:22Second Derivatives and Laplace Operator
2.1K
The first order operators using the del operator include the gradient, divergence and curl. Certain combinations of first order operators on a scalar or vector function yield second order expressions. Second-order expressions play a very important role in mathematics and physics. Some second order expressions include the divergence and curl of a gradient function, the divergence and curl of a curl function, and the gradient of a divergence function.
Consider a scalar function. The curl of its...
Consider a scalar function. The curl of its...
2.1K
01:23Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
533
Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is...
533