Exercise effects on cardiovascular disease: from basic aspects to clinical evidence.

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Exercise Physiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of mortality.
• Physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET) provide substantial physiological benefits for cardiovascular health.
• Higher levels of PA, ET, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are linked to reduced CVD risk.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted effects of exercise on cardiovascular health.
• To highlight the importance of PA and ET in mitigating CVD.
• To emphasize the integration of exercise promotion into healthcare practices.

Main Methods:

• This is a state-of-the-art review.
• Discussion encompasses basic science and clinical practice aspects of exercise and CVD.
• Literature synthesis on physiological adaptations and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

• PA and ET induce direct and indirect physiological adaptations beneficial for CV health.
• Increased PA, ET, and CRF correlate with decreased risks of myocardial infarction, CVD death, and all-cause mortality.
• Most populations exhibit insufficient PA/ET levels and suboptimal CRF.

Conclusions:

• The positive impact of PA and ET on cardiovascular health is well-established.
• Further research is ongoing regarding optimal exercise prescriptions and potential risks of extreme exercise.
• Healthcare professionals should prioritize assessing and promoting PA, ET, and CRF globally.