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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

759
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Overview
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
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Guiding immunotherapy combinations: Who gets what?

Michelle N Ferreira1, Jennifer H Choe2

  • 1Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|September 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New immunotherapies may overcome resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors by targeting tumor evasion mechanisms. Combination strategies are essential for improving patient response rates in difficult-to-treat cancers.

Keywords:
Cancer immunotherapyCheckpoint inhibitionImmunotherapy resistanceTumor microenvironmentTumor neoantigensTumor vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1 and CTLA-4 therapies have shown success in treating various cancers.
  • However, a significant subset of patients do not respond due to tumor-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated resistance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and resistance to immunotherapy.
  • To summarize clinical data on emerging therapeutic agents targeting these resistance mechanisms.
  • To propose rational combination immunotherapy strategies for enhanced efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanisms of immune evasion.
  • Summary of clinical data for novel immunotherapy agents.
  • Analysis of combination strategies targeting resistance.

Main Results:

  • Tumors employ adaptive and innate resistance mechanisms to evade immune surveillance.
  • Emerging agents target specific pathways involved in immunotherapy resistance.
  • Combination therapies show promise in preclinical and early clinical studies.

Conclusions:

  • Combination immunotherapy targeting patient- and malignancy-specific immune evasion is crucial.
  • Novel strategies can enhance response rates and overcome resistance in poorly responsive tumors.
  • Personalized immunotherapy approaches are key to maximizing treatment efficacy.